Virtual Dental Articulator And System

ABSTRACT

A system and method for creating a model of a patient&#39;s mandible and any teeth supported from the mandible and manipulating the mandible relative to anatomical features of the patient&#39;s maxilla. The system uses markers positioned on the mandible and on the maxilla to create a functional mandibular axis that approximates an axis through the condyles of the patient. The functional mandibular axis and geometric and anatomical information about the patient&#39;s upper and lower jaw are then used to create prostheses for the patient. The system is also used for making corrections to the prosthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (a) Field of the Invention

This invention relates to methods and devices for obtaining athree-dimensional digital representation of the teeth of a patient, andthen using the system for creating the three-dimensional model togenerate a model of the movement of the mandible the individual relativeto the maxilla by using scans of movements of the mandible to establisha condylar axis that is then used to create a virtual, digital,articulator model of the patient's teeth.

(b) Discussion of Known Art

Mechanical dental articulators have been widely used in dentistry forover a century. As in U.S. Pat. No. 582,731 to Fourt, these earlydevices focused on creating a mechanical device that simulated thecooperation of the human mandible and maxilla. However, the use of theseearly devices led to recognition of great range in anatomical variationof patients, and of the complexity of the movement of the jaw as enabledby the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Another example of an articulatoris disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,688 to Van Valey, incorporatedherein by reference.

Broadly speaking, the TMJ encompasses the condyles of the jaw, whichallow rotation about a condylar axis. Importantly, the TMJ not onlyenables rotation but also allows translation of the condyles of the jaw.Ligaments and muscles connect the jaw to the temporal bone and favor theresting position of the jaw and condyles. This anatomical arrangementallows the jaw to achieve pure rotation about condylar axis when thecondyles are nested over their respective fossae, as well as translationfrom the fossae with the aid of the muscles and ligaments.

Mechanical articulators simulate the coupling of a patient's jaw bycombining mechanical components that can be adjusted to simulate the jawmovement of a particular patient. Proper occlusion between the upper andlower jaws of a patient is essential to maximize comfort of the patientduring mastication. Additionally, proper occlusion is essential foralleviating symptoms of patients suffering from tempormandibular jointsyndrome. Because such occlusion of the upper and lower jaws is soclosely related to condylar movement about the tempormandibular joint, acomplete understanding of the movement of the patient's lower jaw abouta hinge axis defined by the patient's condyles.

While a dominant factor of occlusal and candylar motion includes pivotalmovement of the lower jaw about a hinge axis through the TMJ, otherfactors such as a patient's unique anatomical characteristics alsoaffect the movement of the jaw. Accordingly, it has been quite difficultto not only record a comprehensive range of mandibular movement, butalso precisely replicate this movement with precision through the use ofmechanical dental articulators.

For decades, computerized systems have been adapted for modelingmandibular movements. These systems have the ability to create accuratethree-dimensional models of a patient's teeth. An example of such asystem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,658 to Baba, and incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, and yet another example is found inU.S. Pat. No. 7,824,346 to Marshall, incorporated herein by reference inits entirety. While computerized systems do provide advantages in theirability to manipulate large amounts of data describing the details of apatient's anatomy, it has been recognized that despite the accuracy increating digital images of teeth, these systems still require theverification of the correctness of the resulting products through theuse of an articulator, such as the Van Valey articulator mentionedabove. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 8,374,714 to Dunne et al., incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, which includes a discussion of theprior art and recognition of the burdens of the unsatisfactory level inthe amount of errors in prosthetics made using conventional methods.Still further, U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,731 to Jordan et al., incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, also discusses computerized methodsfor creating dental prostheses and for creating a virtual articulator.However, the Jordan et al. system is limited in that it relies on amodel that uses vertical axial motion, instead of motion based on theactual articulation of the patient's jaw.

It can be appreciated that correction of prostheses ultimately leads toincrease costs and discomfort to the patient. Accordingly, there remainsa need for a system that reduces or minimizes errors in dentalprosthetics.

Additionally, a review of the prior art reveals that data relating to,or describing, the actual geometry of a patient's teeth has not beenused in a manner that allows the use of data collected using existingsystems to be used in a manner that eliminates errors in prostheticsmade with the use of this data.

A review of known devices and system reveals that there remains a needfor a system that minimizes the need to use dental articulators andre-work or correct prosthesis made from data collected with digitalsystems.

SUMMARY

It has been discovered that problems associated with known systems canbe solved by recognizing that the condyle are nested over theirrespective fossae when the jaw is in a closed, relaxed, position. Then,selecting one of the fossa as being a “first center fossa”, and rotatingthe jaw along a transverse plane and about the first center fossa whileallowing the mating condyle to nest within the first center fossa,causes the teeth of the jaw to move along an arch on the transverseplane. Since all of the teeth of the jaw will move about a unique arcabout the first center fossa, tracking of the path of the teeth as thejaw is moved allows the system to establish the location of what isdefined here as a first functional condyle.

After the location first functional condyle has been established, theremaining condyle of the patient's jaw may then be rotated about the“second center fossa”, along the transverse plane and the movement ofthe teeth used to establish the location of a second “functionalcondyle”.

A dynamic model of the patient's teeth and bite can then be created oncethe first and second functional condyles have been located relative tothe data defining the patient's maxillary and mandibular teeth. Thefirst and second functional condyles are used to define the axis ofrotation of the patient's jaw, and the resulting dynamic model developedproviding rotation of the mandibular teeth about this “functionalmandibular axis”.

According to an example of the disclosed system, the data describing themaxilliary and mandibular teeth is obtained from scanning devices, suchas the iTero Element® intraoral scanner available from Align Technology,Inc. of San Jose, Calif.

Accordingly, the disclosed method integrates the spatial relationship ofall of the patient's teeth, including detailed information as to theactual shape of each of the teeth. The coupling of this information withthe location of the functional condyles and the functional condylar axis36 results in a system that allows the dental professionals to visualizeinterference during the patient's bite. Additionally, the system willallow the dental professional to occlusion plane angles inthree-dimensional space, allowing the dental professional to evaluatewhether the patient's teeth are positioned along the mandibles so as toprovide proper occlusion of the teeth while masticating.

It is submitted that the need for mechanical articulators can beminimized by providing a digital, computerized, system that integratesthe unique aspects of the condylar arrangement of a particular patients'anatomy into the digital, computerized model of a patient's teeth. Stillfurther, there remains a need for a system that not only provides anaccurate three-dimensional model of a patient's teeth, but alsointegrates the patient's condylar features, and thus allows modelingthat integrates the patient's condylar axis and associated mandiblemovement to the digital model of the patient's teeth.

It should also be understood that while the above and other advantagesand results of the present invention will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from the following detailed description andaccompanying drawings, showing the contemplated novel methods andconstruction, combinations of steps and elements as herein described,and more particularly defined by the appended claims, it should beclearly understood that changes in the precise embodiments of the hereindisclosed invention are meant to be included within the scope of theclaims, except insofar as they may be precluded by the prior art.

DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of thepresent invention according to the best mode presently devised formaking and using the instant invention, and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the steps carried with a preferred example of thedisclosed system.

FIG. 2 illustrates movement of the condyles from the fossa.

FIG. 3 illustrates the centric relation position of the patient's teeth,and movement markers placed on the patient's mating front teeth. Themarkers allowing the system to track the movements of the jaw relativeto the stationary marker on the upper mandibule.

FIG. 4 illustrates the use of movement markers that are placed on a pairof mating left teeth to allow changes in distance between the teeth.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of movement markers that are placed on a pairof mating right teeth to allow changes in distance between the teeth.

FIG. 6 illustrates the movement and geometric relationships of thepatient's anatomy that are used to define the patient's left functionalcondyle. The right functional condyle is also shown in this figure, aswell as the condylar axis as defined here.

FIG. 7 illustrates a possible flaw in a prosthetic tooth.

FIG. 8 illustrates the use of a gauging strip that includes a guidemarker, illustrated in FIG. 9, which is used to indicate when thedentist's drill bit has removed the flaw.

FIG. 9 Is a plan vie of a gauging strip as disclosed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EXEMPLAR EMBODIMENTS

While the invention will be described and disclosed here in connectionwith certain preferred embodiments, the description is not intended tolimit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and describedhere, but rather the invention is intended to cover all alternativeembodiments and modifications that fall within the spirit and scope ofthe invention as defined by the claims included herein as well as anyequivalents of the disclosed and claimed invention.

Turning now to FIG. 1 where a flow diagram of steps of the methoddisclosed here have been illustrated. The process begins with creating athree-dimensional digital mapping image or scan of the patient's teeth.As discussed above, it is contemplated that these three-dimensionalmapping images may be created with a commercially-available dentalscanner, such as the iTero Element®, and then selecting and placing orattaching at least one reference point marker 10 on a tooth 12 or on thepatient's mandible 14. The reference point may be defined by placing atemporary mark on the tooth, or by temporarily attaching the marker 10to the tooth. The marker may also be create on the patient with aninnocuous ink, such as a phosphoric ink that can be revealed to a UVlight detecting device. The mark or marker 10 will be used to trackmovement of the mandible, and thus will preferably be attached to fixedfeatures on the mandible, such as teeth. It is preferred that the markerwill be of a nature that will cause the marker 10 to appear in the scanof the patient's teeth. It is also contemplated that small markings of acontrasting color may be used, or a temporarily attached protrudingand/or colored marker may also be used. It is also contemplated thatmarkers may also be placed on one or more of the maxillary teeth. Theadvantage of the use of one or more additional marker on one or more ofthe maxillary teeth is that the mandible moves relative to the maxilla.Tracking movements relative to a point on the maxilla or at a fixedlocation relative to the maxilla, such as on a maxillary tooth, willallow the use of the disclosed system to account for vertical movementsof the mandible relative to the maxilla. The accounting for verticalmovement of the mandible will allow the disclosed system to focus onmovements of the mandible along a transverse plane, which will thenallow the system to track lateral movement of the mandible.

It is also contemplated that the use of the markers will also allow thedisclosed system to account for lateral, or “shifting” movements of thecondyle beyond the resting position of a condyle from its respectivefossa. The accounting, which in this case is the subtraction of distancetraveled due to movements away from the resting position of the condylefrom its respective fossa, which will be the respective lateral movementof the marker on the tooth on the mandible relative to the marker on thetooth on the maxilla. The respective lateral movement is used in theaccounting to ensure that the lateral movement being accounted for isthe movement due to rotation of the jaw about the relevant fossae, andnot due translation of the condyles from the fossa.

Once the distance of lateral movement of the mandible has been accountedfor, then the center of rotation of the marking on the tooth on themandible can be determined. The center of rotation of movement of themandible towards the left side will be the left functional condyle 26location, and the center of rotation of movement of the mandible towardsthe right side will be the right functional condyle 28 location.

Having determined the locations of the left functional condyle and theright functional condyle, the functional condylar axis 36 is used withdisclosed system will be established. This axis will then be used tosimulate the movement of the patient's mandible and the mating of thepatient's teeth using three dimensional representations of the surfacesof the patient's teeth.

Since the condyles are not fixedly or rigidly attached to theirrespective fossae, but are biased into the respective fossae by thevarious muscles and fibrous tissue between the mandible and themaxillary structure, it is recognized that movement of the jaw relativeto the maxilla will result in rotation and translation, due to the factthat the movements are not about rigid features. However, thetranslation along a horizontal plane adds information as to the locationof the respective functional condyles.

A Mathematical Model

A mathematical model associated with the disclosed system may be createdand described in conjunction with FIG. 6. First a three-dimensionalscans of the upper and lower arches 22 are obtained with the mandible invarious positions relative to the maxillary arch 24. Examples of thesepositions include centric relation open and closed, left excursion, andright excursion. The surfaces of the patient's teeth in these positionsare recorded in such a way that they each independently represent stateswhere one or both of the condyles are seated completely. This is statedin an effort to emphasis that the mathematical model that is describedhere is based on an idealized scenario where one or both of the condylescan be instantaneously or continuously represented by centers or nearperfect centers of rotation for each scanned jaw position in question.This idealized model enables the location of the condyles to be locatedwith the following systematic applications that idealize theinstantaneous or continuous transition from one position to another tobe that of a rotation about a fixed point that is described in either athree dimensional or isolated two dimensional extrapolative concentriccircle analysis.

The analysis begins by taking two positions where both condyles arecompletely seated. These positions are those in centric relation. Themodel will consider these two positions to share the same arbitrary yetconvenient three dimensional coordinate system that will remainconsistent between these two and all following scanned positions bybeing held constant relative to the top jaw. Preferably, a minimum offour points 20 are selected and held at the same location by markers 10positioned on the lower jaw between these two positions and allfollowing positions. These points or markers 10 are preferably locatedon the teeth of the lower jaw and positioned in such a way that two ofthe points a near the front of the lower arc and the other two pointsare located near the back of the lower arch. These points are to beidentified separately in each position in such a way that they can beconsidered relative to each other from one position to the next. Itshould be noted that the unique points are only limited by a minimum offour in count.

To increase accuracy, the number of relative points on the lower archcan be increased infinitely as to be integrated over the entire scan ofthe lower arch. Considering each independent pair of points that are onthe same relative position on the lower arch between the two positionsin centric relation, a mathematical vector 30 that is either defined inthree dimensions or in a two dimensional plane that is defined byrelated points between the two position in question. With each of thesevectors defined relative to the coordinate system that is fixed relativeto the upper arch, a center point on each vector can be defined and usedas the tail of another set of vectors that are normal to the originalvectors defined by the collection of points. This is achieved by generalmathematical calculations that are particular to vector analysis. Thisincludes but is not limited to finite vector calculations, numericalmethods, and generally excepted error analysis calculations. This newset of vectors is to be referred to as the normal vector collection. Thenormal vector collection is collectively pointing in the direction wherethe vectors will collectively converge or nearly converge along an axisthat ideally runs normal to the normal vector collection. This axis tobe solved for via an average of the locations where the normal vectorcollection converge or nearly converge according to general calculusderived minimization of collected values from convergence. This finalaxis is to be referred to as the condyle axis and should ideallyrepresent and axis that runs through both condyles. This is alsoconsidered the axis of rotation for instantaneous or continues motionbetween positions between that are considered to be in centric relation.

Similarly, the positions that have one condyle that is no longer seated(the left and right lateral excursions) are to be used to further locatethe condyles. This is achieved by considering one position in centricrelation where both condyles are considered seated and by considering asecond position as a lateral excursion where only one condyle isconsidered seated. These positions are held to the same coordinatesystem as the previous processes here within described before. A minimumof four points are selected and held consistent on the lower jaw betweenthese two positions and all following positions. These points are to belocated on the teeth of the lower jaw and positioned in such a way thattwo of the points a near the front of the lower arc and the other twopoints are located near the back of the lower arch. These points are tobe identified separately in each position in such a way that they can beconsidered relative to each other from one position to the next. Itshould be noted that the unique points are only limited by a minimum offour in count. To increase accuracy, the number of relative points onthe lower arch can be increased infinitely as to be integrated over theentire scan of the lower arch. Considering each independent pair ofpoints that are on the same relative position on the lower arch betweenthe two positions in question, a mathematical vector that is eitherdefined in three dimensions or as a collection of lines that aretransposed into the planes of the three dimensional coordinate systemthat is fixed relative to the upper arch. With each of these vectorsdefined relative to the coordinate system that is fixed relative to theupper arch, a center point on each vector can be defined and used as thetail of another set of vectors that are normal to the original vectorsdefined by the collection of points. This is achieved by generalmathematical calculations that are particular to vector analysis. Thisincludes but is not limited to finite vector calculations, numericalmethods, and generally excepted error analysis calculations. Similar tothe first process, this new set of vectors is to be referred to as thefirst prime normal vector collection. The general direction of the firstprime vector collection is defined by the direction in which thecollection converges or most nearly converges on one point. Graphically,these vectors will converge on a point that is in line with the condyleaxis. Classical differential algorithms that minimize the nearestdistance between the vectors in the first prime vector collection alongwith solutions that lead to finite solutions will be utilized to findthe optimum statistically accurate instantaneous or continuous center ofrotation. Mathematically, the points defined on the lower arch aremodeled as having moved from centric relation to the lateral excursionby shearing or nearly sharing a center of rotation and the path oftravel sweeps a curve for which the points would create concentriccircles. The focus of these curves is what is described to be foundabove. This focus is considered to be the location of the condyle thatis considered seated in the excursion in question. If more than oneexcursion scan is provided for a particular condyle, the collection ofpositions can be used to define an approximate set of curves swept bythe defined points. Any and all mathematical methods for locating thecenter of rotation can be utilized in locating the condyle. Theinformation collected at this point is enough to fully define thelocation of one condyle. The location of the second condyle will belocated with the same process executed with the lateral exertion scan orscans that consider the second condyle to be seated. The normal vectorbundle defined for locating the second condyle is to be referred to asthe second prime normal vector collection.

To further define the motion of the lower jaw, the instantaneous orcontinuous slope of the eminence is to be defined from the existinginformation. This is achieved by considering one position in centricrelation where both condyles are considered seated and by considering asecond position as a lateral excursion where only one condyle isconsidered seated. These positions are held to the same coordinatesystem discussed above.

More specifically, a number points are selected and held consistent onthe lower jaw between these two positions and all following positions.These points are to be identified separately in each position in such away that they can be considered relative to each other from one positionto the next. To increase accuracy, the number of relative points on thelower arch can be increased infinitely as to be integrated over theentire scan of the lower arch. For convenience, these points may be thesame as those defined in the previous processes that considered the samescans. Considering each independent pair of points that are on the samerelative position on the lower arch between the two positions inquestion, two vectors can be defined pointing from the seated condylelocation that was solved for before and each of the points in the pair.For each pair of vectors that stem from the seated condyle location, anangle can be defined between the vectors in either spherical coordinatesthat utilize two angles relative to the original coordinate system or bybreaking the angle into the three components existing in each of thethree planes that are defined by the original coordinate system. Of allthese angles that are defined by the entire collection of vectorpairings between these two positions, the angles should be nearly thesame. If this is significantly different, proper correction can beachieved by adjusting or neglecting the angle components that areisolated to the plane that is normal to the condyle axis.

The resulting statistical angle that results from this process is thento be applied to a vector value that starts at the seated condyle andpoints along the condyle axis just to the point of the second condyle'sseated location. This angle or collection of angle components is to bereferred to as the translation angle. This vector is to maintain itsmagnitude but be transformed by rotating about condyle that isconsidered seated by the translation angle. The resulting vector definesa point that is to be considered the unseated condyle's position. Forthe unseated condyle in question, an eminence vector can be defined bythe difference of the point at this unseated position and the alreadydetermined seated location. These values are measured relative to theoriginal coordinate system that is held constant to the upper arch. Thedirection of the eminence vector describes the instantaneous orcontinuous translation of the condyle as it is outside of its seatedlocation. The eminence vector for the second condyle will be locatedwith the same process executed with the lateral exertion scan or scansthat consider the second condyle to be seated.

With the seated locations of both condyles defined along with theeminence directions for each respective condyle, the motion of thevirtual articulator can be achieved by allowing near ball and socketmovement about each condyle point that will be aloud to translate alongthe direction of their respective directions of eminence.

FIGS. 7-9 show a gauging strip 40 that is used to correct a flaw 42 in aprosthesis 44. The gauging strip 40 will be of a thickness thatcorresponds with the radius 46 or similar dimension of a drill bit 48.The gauging strip 40 will have a marking or aperture 50 that correspondwith the maximum intrusion of the drill bit 48 into the gauging strip toindicate when the drill has removed most if not all of the flaw 42. Inuse, the marking or aperture 50 of the gauging strip 40 is then placedover the flaw 42, and the drill is used against the flaw 42 until themarking or aperture is filed by the drill bit 48. At this stage, most ifnot all of the flaw 42 will have been removed, without unnecessarilyremoving material from the prosthesis.

Thus it can be appreciated that the above-described embodiments areillustrative of just a few of the numerous variations of arrangements ofthe disclosed elements used to carry out the disclosed invention.Moreover, while the invention has been particularly shown, described andillustrated in detail with reference to preferred embodiments andmodifications thereof, it should be understood that the foregoing andother modifications are exemplary only, and that equivalent changes inform and detail may be made without departing from the true spirit andscope of the invention as claimed, except as precluded by the prior art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for creating a three-dimensional dentalmodel of a patient having a head with teeth, including a lower jawhaving mandibular teeth, the patient's teeth also comprising maxillaryteeth that oppose the mandibular teeth, the maxillary teeth includingmaxillary tooth surfaces for use in mastication, and the mandibularteeth including mandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication, themandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication mating with themaxillary tooth surfaces for use in mastication, method comprising:obtaining a three-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient'smaxilliary teeth; selecting point on a surface of a maxilliary tooth;obtaining a three-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient'smandibular teeth; selecting point on a surface of a mandibular tooth;recording the spatial relationship between the selected point on asurface of a maxilliary tooth and the selected point on a surface of amandibular tooth when the mandibular tooth surfaces for use inmastication are in mating contact with the maxillary tooth surfaces foruse in mastication; defining a first functional condyle location byrotating the lower jaw about the head in a first direction along atransverse plane, and determining the approximate center of rotation ofthe jaw about the head, so that the first functional condyle coincideswith the approximate center of rotation of the jaw about the head;defining a second functional condyle location by rotating the lower jawabout the head in a second direction along the transverse plane, anddetermining the approximate center of rotation of the jaw about thehead, so that the second functional condyle coincides with theapproximate center of rotation of the jaw about the head in the seconddirection; and defining a functional condylar axis between the firstfunctional condyle and the second functional condyle, so thatpositioning the three-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient'smaxilliary teeth with reference to the selected point on a surface of amaxilliary tooth and the selected point on a surface of a mandibulartooth allows articulation the three-dimensional map of the surfaces ofthe patient's mandibular teeth of the jaw about the functional condilaraxis.
 2. A method for creating a three-dimensional dental model of apatient having a head with teeth, including a lower jaw havingmandibular teeth, the patient's teeth also comprising maxillary teeththat oppose the mandibular teeth, the maxillary teeth includingmaxillary tooth surfaces for use in mastication, and the mandibularteeth including mandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication, themandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication mating with themaxillary tooth surfaces for use in mastication, method comprising:obtaining a three-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient'smaxilliary teeth; attaching a marker at point on a surface of amaxilliary tooth; obtaining a three-dimensional map of the surfaces ofthe patient's mandibular teeth; attaching a marker point on a surface ofa mandibular tooth; recording the spatial relationship between theselected point as defined by a marker on a surface of a maxilliary toothand the selected point defined by a marker on a surface of a mandibulartooth when the mandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication are inmating contact with the maxillary tooth surfaces; defining a firstfunctional condyle location by rotating the lower jaw about the head ina first direction along a transverse plane, and determining theapproximate center of rotation of the jaw about the head, so that thefirst functional condyle coincides with the approximate center ofrotation of the jaw about the head; defining a second functional condylelocation by rotating the lower jaw about the head in a second directionalong the transverse plane, and determining the approximate center ofrotation of the jaw about the head, so that the second functionalcondyle coincides with the approximate center of rotation of the jawabout the head in the second direction; and defining a functionalcondylar axis between the first functional condyle and the secondfunctional condyle, so that positioning the three-dimensional map of thesurfaces of the patient's maxilliary teeth with reference to theselected point on a surface of a maxilliary tooth and the selected pointon a surface of a mandibular tooth allows articulation thethree-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient's mandibular teethof the jaw about the functional condilar axis.
 3. A method for creatinga three-dimensional dental model of a patient having a head with a lowerjaw having a mental protuberance, method comprising: obtaining athree-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient's jaw; marking apoint on a surface at a location near the mental protuberance; obtaininga three-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient's mandibularteeth; selecting point on a surface of a mandibular tooth; recording thespatial relationship between the selected point on a surface of amaxilliary tooth and the selected point on a surface of a mandibulartooth when the mandibular tooth surfaces for use in mastication are inmating contact with the maxillary tooth surfaces for use in mastication;defining a first functional condyle location by rotating the lower jawabout the head in a first direction along a transverse plane, anddetermining the approximate center of rotation of the jaw about thehead, so that the first functional condyle coincides with theapproximate center of rotation of the jaw about the head; defining asecond functional condyle location by rotating the lower jaw about thehead in a second direction along the transverse plane, and determiningthe approximate center of rotation of the jaw about the head, so thatthe second functional condyle coincides with the approximate center ofrotation of the jaw about the head in the second direction; and defininga functional condylar axis between the first functional condyle and thesecond functional condyle, so that positioning the three-dimensional mapof the surfaces of the patient's maxilliary teeth with reference to theselected point on a surface of a maxilliary tooth and the selected pointon a surface of a mandibular tooth allows articulation thethree-dimensional map of the surfaces of the patient's jaw.